Medical Treatments for Prostate Cancer

There are many different medical treatments for prostate cancer that involve the clinical care of a healthcare professional. These treatments include expectant therapy, surgery, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, and chemotherapy. Expectant therapy is to carefully observe and monitor the prostate cancer. Because prostate cancer cells often spread very slowly, many older men who have the disease may not need more extensive treatment. However, expectant therapy usually includes routine physician examinations, including digital rectal exams and PSA tests. The different types of surgery for prostate cancer are radical prostatectomy - an open-surgery procedure in which the entire prostate gland and surrounding tissue are removed. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) - surgery to remove part of the prostate gland that surrounds the urethra. Cryosurgery - this procedure involves killing the cancer cells by freezing them with a small metal tool placed in the tumor. Side effects of prostate cancer surgery include incontinence and impotence. Incontinence is the inability to control urine and may result in dribbling of urine, especially immediately after surgery. Normal control usually returns within weeks or months after surgery. Impotence is the inability to achieve an erection. For a month, or so, after surgery, most men are not able to get an erection. Eventually, approximately 40 to 60 percent of men will be able to get an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse, but without ejaculation of semen, since removal of the prostate gland prevents that process.

Radiation therapy uses high energy rays to kill or shrink cancer cells, and to decrease their ability to divide. Radiation is often used to treat prostate cancer that is still confined to the prostate gland, or has spread only to nearby tissue. If the disease is advanced, radiation may be used to reduce the size of the tumor and to provide relief from symptoms. Possible side effects of radiation for prostate cancer may include diarrhea, with or without blood in the stool, and colitis, problems associated with urination, a degree of impotence (inability to get an erection), which may occur within two years of radiation therapy.

The goal of hormone therapy is to lower the level of male hormones in the body, particularly testosterone. Hormone therapy does not cure the cancer, and is often used to treat persons whose cancer has spread or recurred after treatment. Produced mainly in the testicles, testosterone causes prostate cancer cells to grow. Thus, reduced testosterone levels can make the prostate cancer shrink and become less active. Most studies show that hormone therapy works better if it is started early. Chemotherapy is the use of powerful, anti-cancer medications to kill cancer cells.. Hospitalization may be needed to monitor treatment and chemotherapy's side effects. Common side effects of chemotherapy include: nausea and vomiting, hair loss, anemia, reduced ability of blood to clot, mouth sores, increased likelihood of developing infections, fatigue. Most side effects disappear once treatment is stopped.

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Zuxiong Chen, M.D., Ph.D. - Department of Urology - Stanford
Prostate specific antigen in benign prostatic hyperplasia: purification and characterization. J. Urol., 157:2166-2170, 1997. Chen Z, Chen H, and Stamey TA.

Johns Hopkins - Brady Urological Institute- Robert H. Getzenberg
Pienta, K.J., Getzenberg, R.H. and Coffey, D.S. Characterization of .. Konety, B.R. and Getzenberg, R.H. Novel Therapies for Advanced Prostate Cancer.

Precancerous Lesions and Conditions of the Prostate: From
Cellular and molecular pathology of prostate cancer precursor. Scand. . Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia of the prostate: morphologic criteria for its

Gene Therapy - Abstract of article: In vivo characterization of a
In vivo characterization of a prostate-specific antigen promoter-based suicide gene therapy for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia

Method for detecting PSA and its molecular forms using thiophilic
"Prostate Specific Antigen in Benign Prostate Hyperplasia: Purification and and Characterization of Different Molecular Forms of Prostate-Specific

Purification and characterization of different molecular forms of
Purification and characterization of different molecular forms of . Benign prostatic hyperplasia-associated prostate-specific antigen (BPSA) shows unique

Insulin-like growth factor-I receptors in human hyperplastic
Insulin-like growth factor-I receptors in human hyperplastic prostate tissue: characterization, tissue localization, and their modulation by chronic

protease with prostate-restricted expression Molecular cloning and
96, pp. 3114â“3119, March 1999. Medical Sciences. Molecular cloning and characterization of prostase, an. androgen-regulated serine protease with prostate-

Benign prostatic hyperplasia-associated prostate-specific antigen
We previously identified a modified molecular form of prostate-specific antigen .. in benign prostatic hyperplasia. purification and characterization.

Partial purification and characterization of a growth factor from
existence of growth factor activity in human hyperplastic. prostatic tissues. The purification of a growth factor with. a molecular weight of 68000 is

Professor Juergen Reichardt - Research - Bosch Institute
Reichardt, J. Molecular genetics of common human diseases including prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention.

Molecular characterization of angiotensin II--induced hypertrophy
Molecular characterization of angiotensin II--induced hypertrophy of cardiac myocytes and hyperplasia of cardiac fibroblasts.

Mouse matriptase-2: identification, characterization and
We report the identification and characterization of mouse matriptase-2 Human prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia: molecular dissection by

The Journal of Urology : Prostate Specific Antigen in Benign
29 W.M. Zhang, J. Leinonen, N. Kalkkinen, B. Dowell and U.-H. Stenman, Purification and characterization of different molecular forms of prostate-specific

Molecular characterization of prostate hyperplasia in prolactin
Molecular characterization of prostate hyperplasia in prolactin-transgenic mice by using cDNA representational difference analysis

Molecular characterization of prostate hyperplasia in prolactin
molecular similarities between the prostate hyperplasia of PRL-transgenic mice and human In vitro characterization of prolactin-induced

Physicochemical characterization of the androgen receptor from
Physicochemical Characterization of the. Androgen Receptor From Hyperplastic. Human Prostate. L.R. Murthy, C.H. Chang, D.R. Rowley, P.T. Scardino,

Human Prostate Cancer and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Molecular
Human Prostate Cancer and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Molecular Dissection by Gene Expression Profiling1. Jun Luo2, David J. Duggan2, Yidong Chen,


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